What is meant by a Figure of Speech?
A Figure of Speech is any intentional deviation from literal statement or common usage that emphasizes, clarifies, or embellishes both written and spoken language[cite: 7]. Forming an integral part of language, figures of speech are found in oral literatures as well as in polished poetry, prose, and everyday speech[cite: 7].
They are primarily used to bring images into our minds, to heighten meaning, to make literary lines musical, or to dynamically draw our attention[cite: 7].
काव्याची भाषा सौंदर्यपूर्ण, प्रभावी व कल्पनाराम्य करण्याकरता भाषेचे अलंकार वापरणे महत्त्वाचे असते[cite: 7].
Overview: Core Figures of Speech
Below is a summary layout of the 16 primary figures of speech covered in this masterclass guide:
Simile (उपमा)
Metaphor (रूपक)
Personification (चेतनागुणोक्ती)
Apostrophe (परोक्ष संबोधन)
Alliteration (अनुप्रास)
Repetition (पुनरावृत्ती)
Tautology (पुनरुक्ती)
Onomatopoeia (ध्वनी अनुकरणात्मक)
Transferred Epithet (परावर्तित विशेषण)
Antithesis (विरोधाभास)
Climax (रुसोत्कर्ष)
Hyperbole (अतिशयोक्ती)
Inversion (व्युत्क्रम)
Interrogation (परीपृच्छा)
Euphemism (पर्यायोक्त)
Exclamation (उद्गारवाचक)
Detailed Explanations & Examples
1. Simile (उपमा अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, two unlike or completely different things are compared explicitly using comparison words such as 'as' or 'like'[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात निदान एखाद्या बाबतीत तरी साम्य असणाऱ्या दोन भिन्न गोष्टींमध्ये 'Like', 'as' किंवा 'so' सारख्या शब्दांचा उपयोग करून तुलना केलेली असते[cite: 7].
•
My love for you is as deep as the ocean.
Explanation: Love is directly compared with the Ocean using 'as...as'[cite: 7].
•
He could hear like an owl.
Explanation: His hearing capabilities are compared explicitly with an owl using 'like'[cite: 7].
2. Metaphor (रूपक अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, two unlike/different things are compared implicitly, treating the two separate things as if they are one and the same[cite: 7]. It forms a direct comparison without 'like' or 'as'[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात उपमा अलंकाराप्रमाणे समान गुणधर्माची तुलना नसते, तर त्या दोन्ही गोष्टी एकच आहेत, समानच आहेत असे व्यक्त केलेले असते[cite: 7].
•
Camel is the ship of desert.
Explanation: There is an implicit direct comparison between the camel and a ship[cite: 7].
•
He was a lion in the war.
Explanation: There is a direct implicit comparison between 'he' and a 'lion'[cite: 7].
3. Personification (चेतनागुणोक्ती अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, a non-living thing, insect, animal, or plant is compared to a person in respect of some quality[cite: 7]. In short, human qualities are attributed to non-human or non-living things[cite: 7].
या अलंकारामध्ये निर्जीव वस्तू सजीव आहेत असे किंवा प्राणी, कीटक, पक्षी, वनस्पतीच्या ठिकाणी मानवी गुणधर्म आहेत असे दर्शविलेले असते[cite: 7].
•
The stars danced in the sky.
Explanation: The human quality of 'dancing' is applied to the inanimate stars[cite: 7].
•
The wind blew down on earth in anger.
Explanation: The human emotion and quality of 'anger' is applied to the wind[cite: 7].
4. Apostrophe (परोक्ष संबोधन अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, a non-living thing, an abstract idea, or an invisible entity (such as God, life, or death) is addressed directly as if it were a living person present[cite: 7]. It is frequently used to address someone who is absent or deceased[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात अमूर्त, निर्जीव, अनुपस्थित, काल्पनिक गोष्टी सजीव आहेत असे समजून विधान केलेले असते[cite: 7].
•
Oh life! you are a mystery to me!
Explanation: The speaker directly addresses 'life' as if it were a human being[cite: 7].
•
Twinkle, twinkle little star, How I wonder what you are
Explanation: The speaker addresses the distant star directly as a conscious person[cite: 7].
5. Alliteration (अनुप्रास अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, there is a deliberate repetition of an initial consonant sound in words that are placed in close proximity to each other[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात भाषेचा गोडवा, सौंदर्य, गेयता वाढवण्याकरता एकाच प्रकारचे ध्वनी असलेल्या अक्षरांचा उपयोग केलेला असतो[cite: 7].
•
See the circle of waves in the sea
Explanation: The initial consonant sound /s/ is repeated pleasingly to add rhythm[cite: 7].
•
Peter picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Explanation: The initial sound /p/ is repeated in close succession[cite: 7].
6. Repetition (पुनरावृत्ती अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, complete words are repeated within a sentence to achieve a pleasing, rhythmic, or musical effect[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात काव्याचे सौंदर्य व त्यातील माधुर्य वाढवण्याकरता शब्दाचा पुन्हा पुन्हा उपयोग केलेला असतो[cite: 7].
•
I wish I could see him; I could know him
Explanation: The words 'I' and 'could' are repeated for emphasis and style[cite: 7].
•
We need heart to heart talk.
Explanation: The word 'heart' is deliberately repeated[cite: 7].
7. Tautology (पुनरुक्ती अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, two different words or phrases that possess the exact same meaning are used unnecessarily or for added emphasis within the same sentence[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात एकाच समान अर्थाचे दोन शब्द किंवा शब्दसमूह वापरलेले असतात[cite: 7].
•
It was continuous unending song.
Explanation: The words 'continuous' and 'unending' have identical meanings[cite: 7].
•
The Taj was grand ! It was wonderful !
Explanation: 'Grand' and 'wonderful' serve here as synonyms reinforcing each other[cite: 7].
8. Onomatopoeia (ध्वनी अनुकरणात्मक अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, specific words are used because their natural pronunciation mimics or conveys the actual sound that is being described[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात ध्वनी व्यक्त करणारे शब्द वापरलेले असतात[cite: 7].
•
The roar of the waves was deafening
Explanation: The word 'roar' structurally imitates and expresses the sound of water[cite: 7].
•
When you eat an apple, you hear a crunch
Explanation: The word 'crunch' phonetically expresses the actual sound produced[cite: 7].
9. Transferred Epithet (परावर्तित विशेषण अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, an adjective (epithet) is structurally transferred away from its rightful, logical noun to another noun closely related to it in the sentence[cite: 7].
Epithet म्हणजे विशेषण. या अलंकारात एखादे विशिष्ट नामासाठी वापरले जाणारे विशेषण दुसऱ्या कोणत्यातरी नामाच्या संदर्भात वापरलेले असते[cite: 7].
•
The old lady looked down the lonely road.
Explanation: The epithet 'lonely' is applied to the road, whereas it logically describes the state of the lady[cite: 7].
•
I had a wonderful day.
Explanation: The day itself is not inherently wonderful; rather, the experiences of the speaker made it wonderful[cite: 7].
10. Antithesis (विरोधाभास अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, opposing or completely contrary words, thoughts, or ideas are purposefully placed within the same sentence to create a striking contrast[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात एकाच वाक्यात दोन परस्पर विरोधी अर्थाच्या कल्पना, विचार, वस्तू किंवा शब्द त्यातील विधान प्रभावी करण्याकरता वापरतात[cite: 7].
•
I don't know whether to love him or to hate him.
Explanation: The exact opposite action words 'love' and 'hate' are used in contrast[cite: 7].
•
I travelled day and night.
Explanation: Opposite time concepts 'day' and 'night' are paired together[cite: 7].
11. Climax (रुसोत्कर्ष अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, a series of relative ideas, phrases, or words are systematically arranged in an ascending order of importance or intensity[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात काही कल्पना शब्द चढत्या क्रमाने मांडून उत्कर्ष, परमोच्च परिणाम साधलेला असतो[cite: 7].
•
She is my friend, my adviser and my inspiration.
Explanation: The relational significance climbs up from friend to adviser, up to inspiration[cite: 7].
•
He came, he saw and he conquered.
Explanation: Actions are arranged chronologically in an ascending peak of achievement[cite: 7].
12. Hyperbole (अतिशयोक्ती अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, a statement is deliberately overstated or vastly exaggerated to produce a more dramatic or vivid psychological effect[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात एखादी कल्पना, विचार किंवा घटना अतिशोक्तीपूर्ण, अधिक फुगवून सांगितलेली असते[cite: 7].
•
He rode faster than the wind.
Explanation: The statement is an extreme exaggeration for dramatic effect[cite: 7].
•
I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.
Explanation: An impossible scale of hunger is expressed through exaggeration[cite: 7].
13. Inversion (व्युत्क्रम अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, words are purposely not arranged in their standard grammatical prose order (Subject + Verb + Object) to satisfy poetic rhythm or emphasis[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात काव्यात्मक परिणाम साधण्यासाठी नेहमीच्या वाक्यातील शब्दांच्या क्रमात बदल केलेला असतो[cite: 7].
•
Up went the balloon.
Explanation: The correct prose layout should be: "The balloon went up"[cite: 7].
•
Never again will you do that.
Explanation: The correct prose layout should be: "You will never do that again"[cite: 7].
14. Interrogation (परीपृच्छा अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, a question is structurally asked not to receive a literal answer, but to create a dramatic effect or strongly imply an absolute statement[cite: 7]. It is also known as a rhetorical question[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात एखाद्या प्रश्नातच त्याचे उत्तर अभिप्रेत असते, व्यक्त होत असते असा प्रश्न वापरतात[cite: 7].
•
Why cry when you know nothing can be done?
Explanation: The question directly implies the statement that it is useless to cry[cite: 7].
•
Am I an idiot to fall in your love?
Explanation: Asked for intense emphasis rather than looking for an answer[cite: 7].
15. Euphemism (पर्यायोक्त अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, an inherently harsh, unpleasant, or painful fact is expressed using mild, gentle, or less offensive terms[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात एखादी कठोर, कटू, अप्रिय गोष्ट सांगण्याकरता मृदू, सौम्य शब्दांचा उपयोग केलेला असतो[cite: 7].
•
He is no more.
Explanation: Instead of using the blunt or harsh word "dead", the author uses "no more"[cite: 7].
•
He’s not poor.
Explanation: Instead of outright labeling someone with a harsh economic status directly, a milder phrase is framed[cite: 7].
16. Exclamation (उद्गारवाचक अलंकार)
In this figure of speech, sudden, intense, or exceptionally strong emotional feelings are explicitly projected in the natural form of an exclamation[cite: 7].
या अलंकारात एखादी तीव्र भावना, उत्तेजना व्यक्त करण्याकरता उदगारवाचक वाक्याचा उपयोग केलेला असतो[cite: 7].
•
This puzzle is driving me up the wall !
Explanation: Intense frustration is vented openly via an exclamatory statement[cite: 7].
•
You're adorable!
Explanation: Strong affectionate admiration is channeled as an exclamation[cite: 7].
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